Vasopressors, including norepinephrine, are potent vasoconstrictors that can significantly impact cardiovascular function. Considerations when administering vasopressors include: Titrate vasopressors to achieve a specific hemodynamic goal, such as a mean arterial pressure (MAP). Start with the lowest effective dose and titrate based on the client’s blood pressure response [Choice 3]. This helps ensure the client receives the minimum dose necessary. Continuous blood pressure monitoring (e.g., with an arterial line) is essential when a client is on vasopressors to promptly detect changes and adjust the dose accordingly. Given the potential for extravasation (medication leaking into surrounding tissue), norepinephrine should be administered through a central venous access device (CVAD) rather than a peripheral venous access device (VAD).

Colorectal cancer (CRC) originates in the colon or rectum. Several risk factors can increase risk for colorectal cancer:
Older age
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) (i.e., Crohn disease, ulcerative colitis)
Personal or family history of colorectal polyps or colorectal cancer
Genetic mutations (e.g., Lynch syndrome)
Diet low in fiber, fruits, and vegetables, or high in red or processed meats. Processed meats (bacon, sausages, hot dogs) have carcinogenic preservatives and chemicals.
Being sedentary or obese
Alcohol and tobacco use

Enemas instill fluid into the rectum to break up fecal matter and stretch the rectum, stimulating peristalsis and defecation. Enemas are used to relieve constipation or to prepare for procedures like a colonoscopy. The nurse should begin administration by holding the bag of solution at the client’s hip level and slowly raising it higher. The higher the bag is held, the faster the solution will flow. Cramping may occur during enema administration as the enema distends the colon. If the client experiences discomfort, the nurse should pause and lower the bag before resuming to slow the rate.

Droplet precautions prevent transmission of pathogens that are spread via large respiratory droplets produced when a person coughs, sneezes, or talks. These droplets can travel short distances (typically up to 3 ft [1 m]) and come into contact with the mucous membranes of another person.
Droplet precautions require staff and visitors to wear surgical masks when entering the room. Additionally, the client should be placed in a private room or be cohorted with another client with the same infection. The client should also wear a mask during transport outside the room.
Clients with viral respiratory symptoms (e.g., myalgias, chills, rigors, cough) are placed on droplet isolation until infectious status can be confirmed (e.g., through testing for influenza or SARS-CoV-2).
Group A Streptococcus (GAS), which causes strep throat, is also spread via respiratory droplets and would require droplet precautions.

Airborne precautions are used with pathogens, like tuberculosis (TB), that spread through small airborne droplets and remain suspended in the air for extended periods (e.g., talking, coughing, sneezing). When transport outside the client’s room is required, the client should wear a surgical mask to prevent pathogen spread.