Batterers are usually physically or psychologically abused as children or have had experiences of parental violence. Batterers are also manipulative, have low self-esteem, and have a great need to exercise control or power-over partners.

Option A: Being an alcoholic predisposes an individual to be a domestic abuser. To be perfectly clear, alcohol and alcoholism are never a sole trigger for, or cause of, domestic abuse. Rather, they are compounding factors that could eventually trigger intimate partner abuse in a violent individual.
Option B: Most domestic abusers have low self-confidence or self-esteem. Basically, domestic violence offenders always feel the need to be in control of their victims. The less in control an offender feels, the more they want to hurt others.
Option C: Domestic abusers often vent out their frustrations on their partners or children. Domestic abuse, often referred to as domestic violence or intimate partner violence (IPV), is a pattern of behavior or behaviors used by one partner to maintain power and control over another partner that they are in a relationship with. Anyone, regardless of race, gender, sexual orientation, religion, or age, can be a victim or perpetrator of domestic abuse. Abuse can be physical, sexual, emotional, mental, social, and financial.

The nurse should instruct the client on isometric exercises for the muscles of the casted extremity, i.e., instruct the client to alternately contract and relax muscles without moving the affected part.

Option B: Active range of motion exercises should accompany isometric exercises for every joint that is not immobilized at regular and frequent intervals.
Option C: Aerobic exercise is any type of cardiovascular conditioning and is inappropriate for a client who has a leg cast.
Option D: Isotonic exercise is one method of muscular exercise and it is not recommended for a client who has leg cast.

The client”s behavior places her at high risk for HIV. Testing is the first step. If the woman is HIV positive, the earlier treatment begins, the better the outcome.

Option B: Before performing the tests, the client should be informed first and she must give her consent. Separate written consent for HIV testing is not recommended. General informed consent for medical care that notifies the patient that an HIV test will be performed unless the patient declines (opt-out screening) should be considered sufficient to encompass informed consent for HIV testing.
Option C: Discussion about the risks can come after determining if the client is HIV positive or not. Increased HIV vulnerability is often associated with legal and social factors, which increases exposure to risk situations and creates barriers to accessing effective, quality and affordable HIV prevention, testing and treatment services.
Option D: Family planning could come after the HIV screening has results. For women with HIV who want to become pregnant, use of antiretroviral prophylaxis during pregnancy can reduce mother-to-child transmission of HIV. Afterwards, family planning services that promote healthy timing and spacing of pregnancies are important to reduce the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes such as low birth weight, preterm birth, and infant mortality.

During normal development, fear of strangers becomes prominent beginning around age 6-8 months. Such behaviors include clinging to parents, crying, and turning away from the stranger. These fears/behaviors extend into the toddler period and may persist into preschool.

Option A: Changing client assignments is unnecessary. The nurse may wait for the child to calm down.
Option C: Time outs are usually not appropriate for a toddler, especially if she is in a new environment.
Option D: The behavior shown by the toddler is normal and she does not need any additional attention.

Separation anxiety is most evident from 6 months to 30 months of age. It is the greatest stress imposed on a toddler by hospitalization. If separation is avoided, young children have a tremendous capacity to withstand other stress.

Option A: Most children, even school-aged children, are fearful of a strange bed and new surroundings.
Option C: The presence of other toddlers might help the client calm down and adjust with the environment.
Option D: Unfamiliar toys and games would least likely affect the toddler’s behavior.