21. For cost analysis in a fermentor system, the depreciation cost varies from
A. 5-6% of the capital cost
B. 6-7% of the capital cost
C. 6-10% of the capital cost
D. 8-10% of the capital cost
22. Microfiltration refers to the separation of suspended material such as bacteria by using a membrane with spore sizes of
A. 0.02 to 10μm
B. 1-10A°
C. 20-30μm
D. 10-200A°
23. Start up expenses in a fermentation industry varies from
A. 0-5% of the capital cost
B. 10-15% of the capital cost
C. 5-10% of the capital cost
D. 15-20% of the capital cost
24. The solvent flux across the membrane can be expressed as (where A is the area, Lp is the membrane permeability, σ is the reflection point, Δp is applied pressure and Δπ is the osmotic pressure)
A. J = Lp (Δp – σΔπ)
B. J/A = Lp (Δp – σΔπ)
C. J = Lp /σΔπ
D. J/A = Lp /Δp
25. Which of the following is considered as a pretreatment to the biological feeds?
A. Heating to denature the proteins
B. Addition of filter aids to increase the porosity
C. Addition of electrolytes
D. All of the above