Discharge planning is a critical aspect of patient care, especially for surgeries that can impact mobility and daily activities. Starting discharge planning upon admission allows for comprehensive preparation, addressing any concerns the patient might have, and ensuring that the patient understands the post-operative care requirements. This proactive approach also provides ample time to arrange for any necessary resources or support the patient might need post-discharge.

Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development outlines eight stages that an individual progresses through from infancy to late adulthood. Each stage presents a challenge or conflict that, when resolved, results in the development of a basic virtue. For a 5-year-old child, the predominant stage is “Initiative vs. guilt.” In this stage, children begin to assert their power and control over the world by planning and executing tasks. Success in this stage leads to a sense of purpose, while failure results in feelings of guilt. The child’s hesitancy to engage in play and frequent questioning about the appropriateness of certain activities aligns with this stage.

Option A: Trust vs Mistrust is the first stage of the psychosocial theory. This stage begins at birth and continues to approximately 18 months of age. During this stage, children learn whether or not they can trust the people around them.
Option C: Autonomy vs Shame and doubt is the second stage of Erik Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development. This stage occurs between the ages of 18 months to 3 years. According to Erikson, children at this stage are focused on developing a greater sense of control.
Option D: Intimacy vs Isolation takes place during young adulthood between the ages of approximately 19 and 40. The major conflict at this stage of life centers on forming intimate, loving relationships with other people.

For toddlers, specifically around the age of 2, the predominant stage is “Autonomy vs. shame and doubt.” In this stage, toddlers begin to assert their independence by making choices and doing things for themselves. Success in this stage leads to feelings of autonomy, while failure or over-controlling parents can lead to feelings of shame and doubt. The described behaviors of the toddler, such as wanting to do things on their own and feeling frustrated or ashamed when they can’t, align with this stage.

Option A: Trust vs Mistrust is the first stage of the psychosocial theory. This stage begins at birth and continues to approximately 18 months of age. During this stage, children learn whether or not they can trust the people around them.
Option B: It is as children enter the preschool years (3-6 years old) that they begin the third stage of psychosocial development centered on initiative versus guilt. It is important for the kids to learn that they can exert power over themselves and the world.
Option D: Intimacy vs Isolation takes place during young adulthood between the ages of approximately 19 and 40. The major conflict at this stage of life centers on forming intimate, loving relationships with other people.